Complex concentrated alloys (CCAs), are based on mixed elements to stabilized solid solution (S.S). properties come from S.S micro-structures present special mechanical and tribological properties. Producing process of these excellent alloys cost huge amount of money and time that would be economiced if could be quantified to surface instead of bulk counterpart, due to environment and condition of industrial usages and applications. Nickel-tungsten alloys electro-deposited show Distinct properties in coating layer as the same as CCAs. Refractory elements such as; W, Ti, Mo, Hf, Nb, Zr, Ta, and V, offer high temperatures and hardness properties which made their valuable in high-tech applications. Purveying coating from an aqueous bath of 0.1 M NiSO4, M 0.5 Na2WO4 and M 0.4 Na3Cit at pH = 8 and 70°C in a cathode rotation bath (for agitation) at a speed of 200 to 750 rpm, and direct current density 0.05-1.2 A/cm2 has been investigated in presence work. Tungsten has the essential role, as refractory element, in HEAs that affects on morphology and microstructure of alloys. The amount of tungsten in plating was 45.49% by weight in direct current plating, and in 80% D.C. reach 62.8 wt% in pulse current. The percentage of tungsten in the coating is strongly affected by the pH of the solution, the current density and the percentage of Time on. The anamolous deposition system in direct current was transformed into an induction deposition system in a pulsed electroplating process. The coating morphology becomes coarser as the amount of tungsten of the coating grains increases. At low Time-on percentages, the coating morphology is layered, bladed and porous. As the percentage of Time-on increases, the layers become wider. Grain size and structure had affected by kind of current, wereas coarser grains observed in pulse deposition coating, flat appurtenant is even in DCEP process.
| Published in | American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (Volume 5, Issue 3) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ajmme.20210503.12 |
| Page(s) | 44-54 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Nickel-Tungsten Alloy Plating, Nickel-Tungsten CCAs, HEAs Coating, HEAs Amorphous Morphology, CCAs Coating Properties
| [1] | Brooman, E.; Corrosion Performance of Environmentally Acceptable Alternatives to Cadmium and Chromium Coatings: Chromium—Part II, Met. Finish. 2000, 98, 39–45. |
| [2] | Sunwang, N.; Wangyao, P.; Boonyongmaneerat, Y. The Effects of Heat Treatments on Hardness and Wear Resistance in Ni-W Alloy Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol. 2011, 206, 1096–1101. |
| [3] | Haj-Taieb, M. Haseeb, A. S. M. A.; Caulfield, J.; Bade, K.; Aktaa, J.; Hemker, K. J. Thermal Stability of Electrodeposited LIGA Ni–W Alloys for High Temperature MEMS Applications. Microsyst. Technol. 2008, 14, 1531–1536. |
| [4] | Lee, H. B.; Synergy Between Corrosion and Wear of Electrodeposited Ni–W Coating. Tribol. Lett. 2013, 50, 407–419. |
| [5] | Udompanit, N.; Wangyao, P.; Henpraserttae, S.; Boonyongmaneerat, Y. Wear Response of Composition-Modulated Multilayer Ni-W Coatings. Adv. Mater. Res. 2014, 302–309. |
| [6] | Obradovic, M.; Stevanovic, J.; Despic, A.; Stevanoyic, R.; Stoch, J. Characterization and Corrosion Properties of Electrodeposited Ni-W Alloys. J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 2001, 66, 899–912. |
| [7] | Younes, O. and Gileadi, E. Electrochemical and Solid State Letters, 2000, 3 (12), 543. |
| [8] | Schuh CA, Nieh TG, Iwasaki H. Acta Mater 2003; 51: 431. |
| [9] | Yamasaki T. Scripta Mater 2001; 44: 1497. |
| [10] | Obradovic, M.; Stevanovic, J.; Despic, A. R. and Stevanovic, R. J. Seerb. Chec. Soc. 1999, 64 (4), 245. |
| [11] | Fransevich _ Zabludovskaya, T. F.; Zayats, A. I.;, Priklad, Zh. Khim. 1957, 30, 723. |
| [12] | Golivenz, L. N. and Kharlamov, V. N.; Prinkl, Zh. Khim. 1936, 9, 631. |
| [13] | Alimadadi, H.; Ahmadi, M.; Aliofkhazraei, M.; Younesi, S. R. Corrosion Properties of Electrodeposited Nanocrystalline and Amorphous Patterned Ni–W Alloy, Mater. Des. 2009, 30, 1356–1361. |
| [14] | Younes, O.; Shacham_ Diamand, Y. and Gileadi, E. In Proceedings of The Advanced Metallization Conference, p. 337, San Diego, MRS Publications, oct. 2000. |
| [15] | Giga, A.; Kimoto, Y.; Takigawa, Y.; Higashi, K.; Demonstration of an Inverse Hall–Petch Relationship in Electrodeposited Nanocrystalline Ni–W Alloys Through Tensile Testing, Scr. Mater. 2006, 55, 143–146. |
| [16] | Younes, O.; Gileadi, E.; Electroplating of Ni/W Alloys I. Ammoniacal Citrate Baths, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2002, 149, C100–C111. |
| [17] | Zhao, C.; Yao, Y.; He, L.; Electrodeposition and Characterization of Ni-W/ZrO2 Nanocomposite Coatings. Bull. Mater. Sci. 2014, 37, 1053–1058. |
| [18] | Beltowska-Lehman, E.; Indyka, P.; Bigos, A.; Szczerba, M.; Guspiel, J.; Koscielny, H.; Kot, M. Effect of Current Density on Properties of Ni–W Nanocomposite Coatings Reinforced with Zirconia Particles. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2016, DOI. |
| [19] | Kumar, K. A.; Kalaignan, G. P.; Muralidharan, V.; Direct and Pulse Current Electrodeposition of Ni–W–TiO2 Nanocomposite Coatings. Ceram. Int. 2013, 39, 2827–2834. |
| [20] | Yamasaki, T.; Schlo β macher, P.; Ehrlich, K.; Ogino, Y.; Formation of Amorphous Electrodeposited Ni-W Alloys and Their Nanocrystallization. Nanostruct. Mater. 1998, 10, 375–388. |
| [21] | Wasekar, N. P.; Sundararajan, G. Sliding Wear Behavior of Electrodeposited Ni–W Alloy and Hard Chrome Coatings. Wear 2015, 342–343, 340–348. |
| [22] | W. Martienssen, H. Warlimont, Springer Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data, Springer, Heidelberg, New York, 2005. |
| [23] | J. G. Fleming, S. S. Mani, J. J. Sniegowski, R. S. Blewer, Tungsten coating for improved wear resistance and reliability of microelectromechanical devices, United States Patent No. 62908592001. |
| [24] | S. M. Rossnagel, I. C. Noyan, C. Cabral, Phase transformation of thin sputter-deposited tungsten films at room temperature, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B: Nanotechnol. Microelectron.: Mater. Process. Meas. Phenom. 20 (2002) 2047. |
| [25] | T. Z. Hossain, A. R. Ghatak-roy, A. Evans, Tungsten interconnect method, United States Patent No. 62744722001. |
| [26] | M. Itoh, M. Hori, S. Nadahara, The origin of stress in sputter-deposited tungsten films for X-ray masks, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B: Nanotechnol. Microelectron.: Mater. Process. Meas. Phenom. 9 (1991) 149. |
| [27] | I. A. Weerasekera, S. I. Shah, D. V. Baxter, K. M. Unruh, Structure and stability of sputter deposited beta-tungsten thin films, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64 (1994) 3231. |
| [28] | I. Djerdj, A. M. Tonejc, A. Tonejc, N. Radic, XRD line profile analysis of tungsten thin films, Vacuum 80 (2005) 151. |
| [29] | N. Radić, A. Tonejc, J. Ivkov, P. Dubček, S. Bernstorff, Z. Medunić, Sputter-deposited amorphous-like tungsten, Surf. Coat. Technol. 180–181 (2004) 66. |
| [30] | Detor AJ, Schuh CA. Acta Mater 2007; 55: 371. |
| [31] | Slavcheva E, Mokwa W, Schnakenberg U. Electrodeposition and properties of NiW films for MEMS application. Electrochim Acta 2005; 50: 5573–80. |
| [32] | Fritz T, Mokwa W, Schnakenberg U. Electrodeposited nickel–tungsten alloys for micro-engineering-part 2: deposition from a sulphamate electrolyte. Galvanotech 2002; 92: 2684–90. |
| [33] | Wu Y, Chang D, Kim D, Kwon S. Influence of boric acid on the electrodepositing process and structures of Ni–W alloy coating. Surf Coat Technol 2003; 173: 259–64. |
| [34] | Yao S, Zhao S, Guo H, Kowaka M. A new amorphous alloy deposit with high corrosion resistance. Corrosion 1996; 52: 183–6. |
| [35] | Valiev RZ, Islamgaliev RK, Alexandrov IV. Bulk nanostructured materials from severe plastic deformation. Prog Mater Sci 2000; 45: 103–89. |
| [36] | A. D. Maksic, S. M. Miulovic, V. M. Nikolic, I. M. Perovic, M. P. M. Kaninski, Energy consumption of the electrolytic hydrogen production using Ni–W based activators—Part I, Applied Catalysis A: General, 405 (2011) 25-28. |
| [37] | S. H. Hong, S. H. Ahn, J. Choi, J. Y. Kim, H. Y. Kim, H. J. Kim, J. H. Jang, H. Kim, S. K. Kim, High-Activity Electrodeposited NiW Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Water Electrolysis, Appl. Surf. Sci., DOI (2015). |
| [38] | C. N. Panagopoulos, G. D. Plainakis, M. G. Tsoutsouva, Corrosion of Nanocrystalline Ni-W Coated Copper, Journal of Surface Engineered Materials and Advanced Technology, 5 (2015) 65. |
| [39] | I. Mizushima, P. T. Tang, M. A. J. Somers, Identification of an anomalous phase in Ni–W electrodeposits, Surf. Coat. Technol., 202 (2008) 3341–3345. |
| [40] | R. Juškėnas, I. Valsiūnas, V. Pakštas, A. Selskis, V. Jasulaitienė, V. Karpavičienė, V. Kapočius, XRD, XPS and AFM studies of the unknown phase formed on the surface during electrodeposition of Ni–W alloy, Appl. Surf. Sci., 253 (2006) 1435-1442. |
| [41] | T. Sridhar, N. Eliaz, E. Gileadi, Electroplating of Ni4 W, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 8 (2005) C58-C61. |
| [42] | A. Królikowski, E. Płońska, A. Ostrowski, M. Donten, Z. Stojek, Effects of compositional and structural features on corrosion behavior of nickel–tungsten alloys, J Solid State Electrochem, 13 (2009) 263-275. |
| [43] | T. Yamasaki, High-strength nanocrystalline Ni-W alloys produced by electrodeposition, Materials Physics and Mechanics (Russia), 1 (2000) 127-132. |
| [44] | L. Zhu, O. Younes, N. Ashkenasy, Y. Shacham-Diamand, E. Gileadi, STM/AFM studies of the evolution of morphology of electroplated Ni/W alloys, Appl. Surf. Sci., 200 (2002) 1-14. |
| [45] | A. Chianpairot, G. Lothongkum, C. A. Schuh, Y. Boonyongmaneerat, Corrosion of nanocrystalline Ni-W alloys in alkaline and acidic 3.5wt.% NaCl solutions, Corros. Sci., 53 (2011) 1066-1071. |
| [46] | P. Indyka, E. Beltowska-Lehman, L. Tarkowski, A. Bigos, E. García-Lecina, Structure characterization of nanocrystalline Ni–W alloys obtained by electrodeposition, J. Alloys Compd., 590 (2014) 75-79. |
| [47] | T. Nasu, M. Sakurai, T. Kamiyama, T. Usuki, O. Uemura, T. Yamasaki, EXAFS study on amorphous and nanocrystalline M–W (M= Fe, Ni) alloys produced by electrodeposition, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 312 (2002) 319-322. |
| [48] | S. Hayata, S. Oue, H. Nakano, T. Takahashi, Effect of Annealing on the Structure and Hardness of Electrodeposited Ni–W Alloys, ISIJ Int., 55 (2015) 1083-1090. |
| [49] | N. S. Nia, J. Creus, X. Feaugas, C. Savall, Influence of metallurgical parameters on the electrochemical behavior of electrodeposited Ni and Ni-W nanocrystalline alloys, Appl. Surf. Sci., 370 (2016) 149–159. |
| [50] | R. Juškėnas, I. Valsiūnas, V. Pakštas, R. Giraitis, On the state of W in electrodeposited Ni–W alloys, Electrochim. Acta, 54 (2009) 2616-2620. |
| [51] | M. H. Allahyarzadeh, M. Aliofkhazraei, A. R. Rezvanian, V. Torabinejad, A. R. S. Rouhaghdam, Ni-W electrodeposited coatings: Characterization, properties and applications, Surf. Coat. Technol. 307 (2016) 978-1010. |
| [52] | P. Indyka, E. Beltowska-Lehman, A. Bigos, Microstructural characterisation of electrodeposited coatings of metal matrix composite with alumina nanoparticles, IOP C Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 32 (2012). |
| [53] | L. Ribic-Zelenovic, N. Cirovic, M. Spasojevic, N. Mitrovic, A. Maricic, V. Pavlovic, Mater. Chem. Phys. 135 (2012) 212. |
| [54] | A. S. M. A. Haseeb, U. Albers, K. Bade, Wear 264 (2008) 106–112. |
| [55] | L. M. Chang, Z. T. Wang, S. Y. Shi, W. Liu, Study on microstructure and properties of electrodeposited Ni–W alloy coating with glycolic acid system, J. Alloys Compd., 509 (2011) 1501-1504. |
| [56] | M. Donten, H. Cesiulis, Z. Stojek, Electrochim. Acta 45 (2000) 3389. |
| [57] | R. A. C. Santana, S. Prasad, A. R. N. Campos, F. O. Araْjo, G. P. da Silva, P. de Lima-Neto, J. Appl. Electrochem. 36 (2006) 105. |
| [58] | H. E. Feng-jiao, Miao. Wang, L. U. Xin, Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China 16 (2006) 289. |
| [59] | H. Somekawa, T. G. Neigh, K. Higashi, Scripta Mater. 50 (2004) 1361. |
| [60] | K. R. Sriraman, S. Ganesh Sundara Raman, S. K. Seshadr, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 418–303 (2006) 31. |
| [61] | R. L. Fleischer, Substitutional solution hardening, Acta Metallurgica 11 (3) (1963) 203-209. |
| [62] | R. Labusch, A statistical theory of solid solution hardening, physica status solidi (b) 41 (2) (1970) 659-669. |
| [63] | K. A. Lozovoy, A. P. Kokhanenko, Vladimir V. Dirko, Yu. Akimenko, and Alexander V. Voitsekhovskii, Cryst. Growth Des, DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.9b00820. |
| [64] | V. Elofsson, B. Lü, D. Magnfält, E. P. Münger, and K. Sarakinos, Journal of Applied Physics 116, 044302 (2014); doi: 10.1063/1.4890522. |
APA Style
Jalil Ebrahimi Baran, Saeid Rastgari. (2021). Nickel - Tungsten CCAs Electro-deposition Morphology Investigation. American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 5(3), 44-54. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20210503.12
ACS Style
Jalil Ebrahimi Baran; Saeid Rastgari. Nickel - Tungsten CCAs Electro-deposition Morphology Investigation. Am. J. Mech. Mater. Eng. 2021, 5(3), 44-54. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmme.20210503.12
AMA Style
Jalil Ebrahimi Baran, Saeid Rastgari. Nickel - Tungsten CCAs Electro-deposition Morphology Investigation. Am J Mech Mater Eng. 2021;5(3):44-54. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmme.20210503.12
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ajmme.20210503.12,
author = {Jalil Ebrahimi Baran and Saeid Rastgari},
title = {Nickel - Tungsten CCAs Electro-deposition Morphology Investigation},
journal = {American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering},
volume = {5},
number = {3},
pages = {44-54},
doi = {10.11648/j.ajmme.20210503.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20210503.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajmme.20210503.12},
abstract = {Complex concentrated alloys (CCAs), are based on mixed elements to stabilized solid solution (S.S). properties come from S.S micro-structures present special mechanical and tribological properties. Producing process of these excellent alloys cost huge amount of money and time that would be economiced if could be quantified to surface instead of bulk counterpart, due to environment and condition of industrial usages and applications. Nickel-tungsten alloys electro-deposited show Distinct properties in coating layer as the same as CCAs. Refractory elements such as; W, Ti, Mo, Hf, Nb, Zr, Ta, and V, offer high temperatures and hardness properties which made their valuable in high-tech applications. Purveying coating from an aqueous bath of 0.1 M NiSO4, M 0.5 Na2WO4 and M 0.4 Na3Cit at pH = 8 and 70°C in a cathode rotation bath (for agitation) at a speed of 200 to 750 rpm, and direct current density 0.05-1.2 A/cm2 has been investigated in presence work. Tungsten has the essential role, as refractory element, in HEAs that affects on morphology and microstructure of alloys. The amount of tungsten in plating was 45.49% by weight in direct current plating, and in 80% D.C. reach 62.8 wt% in pulse current. The percentage of tungsten in the coating is strongly affected by the pH of the solution, the current density and the percentage of Time on. The anamolous deposition system in direct current was transformed into an induction deposition system in a pulsed electroplating process. The coating morphology becomes coarser as the amount of tungsten of the coating grains increases. At low Time-on percentages, the coating morphology is layered, bladed and porous. As the percentage of Time-on increases, the layers become wider. Grain size and structure had affected by kind of current, wereas coarser grains observed in pulse deposition coating, flat appurtenant is even in DCEP process.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Nickel - Tungsten CCAs Electro-deposition Morphology Investigation AU - Jalil Ebrahimi Baran AU - Saeid Rastgari Y1 - 2021/11/12 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20210503.12 DO - 10.11648/j.ajmme.20210503.12 T2 - American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering JF - American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering JO - American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering SP - 44 EP - 54 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2639-9652 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20210503.12 AB - Complex concentrated alloys (CCAs), are based on mixed elements to stabilized solid solution (S.S). properties come from S.S micro-structures present special mechanical and tribological properties. Producing process of these excellent alloys cost huge amount of money and time that would be economiced if could be quantified to surface instead of bulk counterpart, due to environment and condition of industrial usages and applications. Nickel-tungsten alloys electro-deposited show Distinct properties in coating layer as the same as CCAs. Refractory elements such as; W, Ti, Mo, Hf, Nb, Zr, Ta, and V, offer high temperatures and hardness properties which made their valuable in high-tech applications. Purveying coating from an aqueous bath of 0.1 M NiSO4, M 0.5 Na2WO4 and M 0.4 Na3Cit at pH = 8 and 70°C in a cathode rotation bath (for agitation) at a speed of 200 to 750 rpm, and direct current density 0.05-1.2 A/cm2 has been investigated in presence work. Tungsten has the essential role, as refractory element, in HEAs that affects on morphology and microstructure of alloys. The amount of tungsten in plating was 45.49% by weight in direct current plating, and in 80% D.C. reach 62.8 wt% in pulse current. The percentage of tungsten in the coating is strongly affected by the pH of the solution, the current density and the percentage of Time on. The anamolous deposition system in direct current was transformed into an induction deposition system in a pulsed electroplating process. The coating morphology becomes coarser as the amount of tungsten of the coating grains increases. At low Time-on percentages, the coating morphology is layered, bladed and porous. As the percentage of Time-on increases, the layers become wider. Grain size and structure had affected by kind of current, wereas coarser grains observed in pulse deposition coating, flat appurtenant is even in DCEP process. VL - 5 IS - 3 ER -
Email: